From formula (A-2), the trap concentration is obtained as follows.
Also, approximate concentration without considering λ region is obtained from formula (A-5).
As described above, the deep level parameters (energy level, capture cross-section) and concentration can be measured by the DLTS method.
However, with this method, it is accompanied by temperature increases / decreases to obtain multiple Arrhenius plot points, which takes a great deal of effort to repeat the measurements in differing rate windows.